Terminal Services and Remote Administration

By Raul Bernardino

The Overview

By using a terminal service, a client can appear to run Windows Server 2003 locally. All the processing power is done by the server. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 have a feature called “Remote Desktop” which will allow you to connect remotely to the computer and logon as if you are sat at the machine.  Although Windows Server 2003 can be administered remotely by using an MMC or a Web Administration Interface it is still handy and necessary to be able to physically logon to the server to perform specific tasks.

Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 have a feature called “Remote Desktop” which will allow you to connect remotely to the computer and logon as if you are sat at the machine.
Once connected you will see the desktop as it is on the server and you will be able to work as if you were physically located at the machine.

You can disconnect from the session at any time and reconnect to the same session, continuing where you left of.

Using Windows XP’s fast user switching you can easily transfer your desktop to another machine, e.g. to ask for assistance or to show a file on your desktop.

Remote Desktop on Windows Server 2003 will allow two concurrent connections and doesn’t require any special licenses.

Remote desktop can be further extended by enabling terminal services.

By using terminal services, a client can appear to run Windows Server 2003 locally. All the processing power is done by the server.  The server receives keyboard and mouse requests from the clients (terminals) and transmits the display back. Only one copy of Windows Server 2003 is required.

Rather than installing a full version of Windows on every client, a Windows terminal server can be deployed instead.  Clients whose hardware might not be supported by Windows can still take advantage of the Windows Server 2003 features.

Clients can continue to use their old operating system and benefit from the features and applications from Windows Server 2003.  Many different devices can act as terminal clients (called thin clients). E.g. a Windows 3.11 machine can run terminal services client and appear to be running Windows Server 2003.  Although the client terminals can be very low-end machines with no hard-drive and no operating system, the clients will still need client software to run terminal services.  Terminal Services is also a good way to run applications such as Microsoft Office on incompatible clients.  N.B. Once a server is installed with Terminal Services, applications MUST be installed by using Add/Remove Programs from the Control Panel.

Remote Administration

Unlike Remote Desktop, Terminal Services requires licenses. However Terminal Services allows a lot more clients to connect and enables the use of application sharing. Terminal Services can only be enabled on a machine running Windows Server 2003.

Terminal Services Overview

Using Terminal Services, users can log in multiple times to the same server using different sessions. This allows users to perform many tasks at once.  Users can easily cut and paste between applications running locally and applications running on the Terminal Server.

Using Remote Control, two users can use the same terminal session, in other words one user can control and view another user’s session. This can be used to train users or diagnose problems.  Printers that are connected locally to the client will continue to work from a terminal session. Terminal Services and Remote Desktop use the RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) v5.2.

A terminal session can be disconnected and reconnected at a later time from another client. The session will effectively remain active until logged off or closed by the server.

The logon process is also encrypted and such things as the number of logon attempts can be controlled through security policies. Data transmitted between the client and server can also be encrypted at four different levels (low, compatible, FIPS compliant or high).

User Accounts created locally on the terminal server or in Active Directory can be used with terminal services.

Terminal Services Requirements

The hardware requirements for a Terminal Server depend upon on how many clients will be connecting and what the clients will be doing once connected.  A Terminal Server requires at least the recommended Windows Server 2003 requirements plus an additional 10Mb RAM for each client connecting.  All though not a requirement, using SCSI disk drives can greatly improve performance. You could also use high-performance bus architecture such as EISA or PCI.  Since many clients will be connecting simultaneously, using a high performance network card will help. You could also install two adapters and dedicate one adapter solely to the RDP protocol.  When running Terminal Services, ensure that only 32-bit applications are used.  In order to run 16-bit applications, Windows uses an emulation service called Windows-on-Windows (WOW), which consumes a lot of system resources. Because 16-bit applications will take up more system resources than 32-bit applications it’s better to use solely 32-bit applications. Terminal Services client runs on a variety of machines. They must support VGA and have at least 4MB of memory. Terminal Services client is available to Windows-based terminals and Intel & Alpha based computers running Windows for Workgroups 3.11, 95, 98, NT 3.51, NT 4.0 2000, XP and 2003. There is also third-party support for Macintosh and UNIX-based computers.

Terminal Services Licenses

Terminal Services have its own licensing method. A Terminal Client must have a valid license when connecting to a Terminal Server.  Either a Windows 2003 Terminal Services Client Access License or a Windows Server 2003 license is required as well as a Client Access License (CAL). Windows 2003 machines that are used as clients already have a Terminal Services Client Access License.  You can use Terminal Services for 90 days before you need to install Terminal Services Licensing and activate them.  N.B. Even after 90 days you will still be able to use Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance connections.

Reference list:

TechNet (N:N) How Terminal Services Works [Online]. Available from:  http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc755399(v=ws.10).aspx#w2k3tr_ts_how_kqhp (Accessed: 31 October 2014)

Wiki (N:N) Remote Desktop Services [Online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services (Accessed: 31 October 2014)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

All communication occurs on any type of networks and all involved parties must use a common language. In the Information Technology (IT) networks, this is known as a protocol.  There are many different protocols that are available for computer networks. The most common and widely used being TCP/IP.

TCP/IP is the standard protocol that is being used on the internet whereas allows any network to access the internet and therefore you must use the TCP/IP protocol suite. In other hand an Active Directory required CP/IP. For that reason, TCP/IP is developed and as a default protocol starting from Windows XP and server 2003.

Protocols

This protocols reference is often made to the TCP/IP stack. This consists of layers of mini applications which are performing the discrete job of sorting and filtering the data packets picked up by the Network Information Center (NIC) and then passing the packet on to the next layer for further processing. Eventually a coherent message pops out of the top of the stack into the operating system for the user to read. The reverse is also true i.e. converting of the reply into data packets that can be sent over the network media.

The layers in a TCP/IP stack write headers for network messages as well as decoding them.  Each level in the stack adds a portion to the network packet which its counterpart in the receiving computer will understand.  Strictly speaking, the NIC isn’t part of TCP/IP, but protocols are bound to a particular adapter.

At the receiving computer, the headers are stripped off as they pass up through the TCP/IP stack until only the bare payload is presented to the user.

The DOD Four Layer Model

TCP/IP is often referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP/IP is in fact a group of protocols/applications working together to provide network communication. TCP/IP was invented by the US Department of Defense (DOD) to allow machines to communicate over a network. It is a simpler model than the 7 layer OSI model.  The different components of TCP/IP all function at different layers. These layers group the different components into four different categories.

The Application Layer

The application layer contains the applications that use TCP/IP such as Internet Explorer, chrome, safari, Netscape, and Outlook.  The application layer also contains Application Programming Interfaces (API) such as Winsock, which enables applications to use TCP/IP.

The Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for the transfer of data on the network.  There are two different transport protocols TCP and UDP. Both protocols provide transport but it works in different ways.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP is a connection-orientated protocol. Both sides (end to end) confirm that the data is being sent and received.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

UDP is a connectionless-orientated Protocol. Both computers presume the other side has received the data.  As an example, name resolution uses UDP. If the query fails then a TCP name query is made.

The Internet Layer

To send data the sender must have a method of distinguishing the recipient. This is called an IP address and they take the form of a unique number on the network. The Internet Protocol is responsible for these addresses.  The Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP) is used to test connectivity between machines by sending ICMP messages using the PING command.  The Internet Group Messaging Protocol (IGMP) is used to send data to groups of machines, e.g. Streaming Video. This is known as Multicast.  The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is responsible for changing an IP address into the network card’s physical address. Every network card has a unique physical address hardwired into the card itself which is needed for communication on a network.

The Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for the actual physical media and how the data is sent to another machine, e.g. Fibre Optic, ATM.  There are many ways to send data down the cable, the most common technologies for LANs are Token Ring and Ethernet. In order for two machines to communicate they must be using the same technology or be connected via a bridge.

Reference list:

Wiki, (n:n) Network Interface Controller, [On-line]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller (Accessed: 20 October 2014)

The use of an Internet for the Educational Research, Social Business and Government

By Raul Bernardino, MSc ISM

Abstract:

Internet is a public domain and very interactive media whereas enable whole world to connect. Where each individuals, communities, intellectuals, independent personality around the globe are expressed their own opinions, ideas, entertainments, innovations, etc. In other hands, the individuals or group of people are utilizing that information or even collecting that information and interpret them according to their perceptions.  Internet also called a cyberspace or a virtual media.

As it is a public domain and it is intended for public consumption and public sharing. With the internet people are exposing and telling to the listeners or to the readers about their own ideas, histories, cultures, and it is also including the existing of themselves for intervening and to convince others to follow their own paths or ideas or even just spreading an information. The information or the fact of materials such as videos, pictures, and voice records can be also disclosed by someone about some interesting news or histories that are most important according to him or her in which is to let the rest of the world to know.

Since these information are publicly available and these can be accessed worldwide by and millions people at anytime and anywhere. As it is a public domain, there would be a good and bad personalities are involved. Therefore, it will be given a positive an a negative impacts to the society. However, final decisions are totally depends on the recipients or listeners cultures and knowledge’s, either those collection are accepted or rejected.

It is important for the rule governments to have a law and regulation in order to minimize the negative impacts to the society. We also understand that, the governments may have their own limitation with the geographically boundaries of the other nations law enforcement and it is because the nature of the cyberspace itself which has no geographically boundaries.

It’s quite risk for the academicals writers and student whereas uses the internet information as base for their own thesis or dissertation without have deep understanding on the mater.

Moreover, the internet technology can help companies to determine their own customer needs and create new products and brands but it’s also with time compression over technology disruption in the businesses and industries.

Introduction:

Internet is publicly accessible computer network which is connecting many smaller networks, computers or palm devices from around the world.

Internet means connecting a computer to any other computer from anywhere and at anytime in the world through a router and server. When computers are connected over the Internet, they can easily access all kind of information such as graphic, text, voice, and videos but also can be a victim of using the internet.

No one owns the Internet. It is a public domain and every individual, group, organizations or any society can express themselves and also able to collect an intended information. Internet has no boarder. On the internet, information can be traveled from one country to other countries without have any rules and controls.

Although several organizations around the world are collaborating to ensure the development and the functioning of the internet are publically available for public consumption.  They are telecom companies, ISPs, and data centers.

Several organizations are creating an exclusivity of the information that only visible to their staff and it owns branches. This information share over technology is called intranet. Moreover, we can also found that organization A and B agreed to share their information among themselves which is called extranet. The Intranet and Extranet cannot be accessed over public domain internet unless who have register and have access permissions. It’s only available in closed networks.

The Internet History:

The internet is grew out of a U.S. Defense Department program called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which is established in 1960s and later in 1969 with connections between computers at the University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Research Institute, the University of California-Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.

The purpose of the ARPANET was to conduct research into computer networking in order to provide a secure and survivable communications system in case of war. As the network quickly expanded, academics and researchers in other fields began to use it as well.

Moreover, in 1971 the first program for sending Electronic-Mail over a distributed network was developed

By 1973, the year international connections to ARPANET were made (from Britain and Norway), where e-mail represented most of the traffic on ARPANET. The 1970s also saw the development of mailing lists, newsgroup and bulletin-board system, and the TCP/IP communications Protocols, which were adopted as standard protocols for ARPANET in 1982–1983, leading to the widespread use of the term Internet. In 1984 the Domain name addressing system was introduced.

In 1986 the National Science Foundation established the NSFNET, a distributed network of networks capable of handling far greater traffic, and within a year more than 10,000 hosts were connected to the Internet.

In 1988 real-time conversation over the network became possible with the development of Internet Relay Chat protocols. In 1990 ARPANET ceased to exist, leaving behind the NSFNET, and the first commercial dial-up access to the Internet became available.

In 1991 the World Wide Web was released to the public. The Mosaic browser was released in 1993, and its popularity of the World Wide Web sites and users. Furthermore, in 1995 the NSFNET reverted to the role of a research network, leaving Internet traffic to be routed through network providers rather than NSF supercomputers.

In that year the Web became the most popular part of the Internet, surpassing the FTP protocols in traffic volume. The fact that in 1997 there were more than 10 million hosts on the Internet and more than 1 million registered domain names. Internet access can now be gained via radio signals, cable-television lines, satellites, and fibre-optic connections, though most traffic still uses a part of the public telecommunications (telephone) network. The Internet is widely regarded as a development of vast significance that will affect nearly every aspect of human culture and commerce in ways still only softly visible.

The Use internet for Educational Research:

Since internet is a public domain and no one guaranty and responsible of what are being wrote or spread. It may be an obsolete knowledge or information, or it is partially tested information or it is uncompleted information. Therefore, it is higher risk to consume internet information as base for academicals writing. Especial the information whereas is spread over the anonymous sites.

Although there were anonymous and uncompleted sites, we can found millions of popular journals, economic magazines, and bulletins such as New York Post, Strait times, Washington post, universities libraries etc.

All internet users have a high regard for the internet as a source of information, but the characteristic shows men look for a broader range of information online than women do.

According PewReserach report Internet project (2000), nearly all internet users, 91%, agreed that the internet is a good source of information for everyday interests like news, weather reports, and sports scores.

In Pewresearch shows that about 80% of both men and women also expect to find information online about more specialized topics of government issues and health or medical issues. The same number also say they expect to find information on particular products they want to purchase, although this includes more men, 82%, than women, 77%. About a third of internet users say they expect to find reliable information online about individuals.

Moreover Pewresearch (2000), asked users about the kinds of information they look for online. Men and women are equally likely to get travel information and to look up phone numbers and addresses. They also look for information about the government, about colleges, jobs, and places to live.

 For instance, the student is writing about free speech, “President Barak Obama reacted to the censorship of the government of the Egyptian. He stated “free speech is Human Right”. Furthermore, he stated "the people of Egypt have rights that are universal. That includes the right to peaceful assembly and association, the right to free speech, and the ability to determine their own destiny."  This is an idea of freedom of the speech to give a high value of the democracy. President Barak Obama tried to convince President Hosni Mubarak where protestors or people of Egyptian have absolute right to speak up and tell the truth of their problems that are not resolved by its own country.” This information quoted on January 28, 2011. The news above may be still new for the certain community or society but it is also obsoleted to the other societies. 

Social business Over Internet Technology:

Again the characteristic online transactions shows man do more than women, including some with less predictable or controlled outcomes.

It is about 75% of internet users believe that the internet offers them a good way to conduct their everyday business like banking or buying tickets etc.

The PewResearch  Internet Project has been tracking users’ participation in more than a dozen kinds of online transactions found that Men and women are about equally likely to go online to do many of these: to buy products, as well as everyday items like groceries, food, and household items and prescriptions; to make travel arrangements or to purchase tickets; to do their banking; and to donate to charities.

For online shopping, both men and women cite convenience and time savings as major reasons to like shopping online. Further, more men than women value cost savings, and more women than men appreciate the chance to find unusual gifts.

Government over Internet Technology:

The digital information enables you and your community to discuss and prioritize issues, then challenges our member of the government and parliament to respond. The positive aspects of using this digital technology are bringing global communities to your own desk and start to share and help one another with knowledge and best practices. It brings an effective and efficiency solution to the problems that you normally experience.

The digital technology also brings us some negatives aspect of it. It is a free place to express and interact. Technology helps to bring multi culture to interact and it might create a culture shock. Whereas, the use of social media for free expressing, - not use a common sense or constructive critiques anymore but use of threatening, negative arguments, offensive words, etc.

Conclusion:

Internet is public domain and unsecure. The academicals researchers use universities library, journal, and accredited sites as base for their research. Nowadays businesses are change the way of doing business; they become technology evangelist. The government needs to collaborate with the society and regulate information flows.

 

Reference list:

An Encyclopedia Britannica Company-Merriam Webster (n:n) First Known of Internet [On-line].Available from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/internet  (Accessed: 13 August 2014)

Eugene Volokh(n:n) Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace from the Listener's Perspective: Private Speech Restrictions, Libel, State Action, Harassment, and Sex  [On-line].Available from:   http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/listener.htm (Accessed Date: February12, 2011) 

Fallows, D. (2005) HOW WOMEN AND MEN USE THE INTERNET[On-line]. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2005/12/28/part-5-functions-of-the-internet-how-men-and-women-use-it-as-a-tool-to-communicate-transact-get-information-and-entertain-themselves/ (Accessed: 14 August 2014)

Internet (n:n) [On-line].Available from:  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/internet.html (Accessed: 13 August 2014)

Negative effect of the internet [On-line]. Available from:   http://www.helium.com/items/790966-negative-effects-of-the-internet (Accessed Date: February12, 2011)

WEISER, E.B. (2000) THE FUNCTIONS OF INTERNET USE AND THEIR SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND INTERPERSONAL CONSEQUENCES, [On-line]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11800180 (Accessed: 14 August 2014)

Enterprise Software Competition - Innovation on Private Sector at Computer World

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

Autoridade Nacional do Petroleo is a government of Tmor-Leste independent institution based on decree law 20/2008 whereas to administer all mineral resources within Timor-Leste territory and Joint Development area with Australia.

As an independent institution, the IT team is focusing on manual business administration processes and turns it into the digital processes.

We are able to build employee database application which has integrated with workflow, asset allocation, leave forms, document registrations, document integrity and so forth.

This application has capabilities of a cross platforms, a workflow, a social networking, single sign on, and open standard.

We use IBM notes as a platform of the application. The applications are integrated with email, calendar, contacts, website, and other databases.

We progressively turn papers works into the electronic modes. The main objectives of having digital processing are to support office in the green environment and availability of data whereas easy to access from any-where and at time without decreasing the integrity and confidentiality of the information as whole.

What are the project’s aims?
The resulting project outcomes will produce a methodology which may be utilized by any organization or institution or become a role model of system integration and cost effective. The purpose of this methodology is to analyze the existing IT systems and plan for the implementation or upgrade to a new system based on a modern integrated social framework. The qualifications of the system will be assessed using the following guidelines:

• Cost effectiveness; the resulting system should produce a significant Return On Investment (ROI) based on: The business requirements and needs, reduced workload, reduced duplication of data entry, reduced infrastructural investment for the additional data storage and processing data which includes easily manageable data.
• Ability to integrate with other systems; the existing system should be tested on whether or not it is based on open standards. Additionally, their ability to exchange data with other applications within the existing systems and with newly adopted application systems will also be assessed. Therefore, I recommend the cross platform system and open standard which will easily adapt to any additional requirements of an application within the existing systems without having to build a new green field IT system.
• Workflow capabilities; the ability for existing systems to identify the roles, routes, and business rules applicable to objects moving through the system.
• Level of Single Sign On (SSO) integration; where there are multiple systems in place, what is the level of SSO capability between those systems? i.e.: how many user names and passwords is each user required to remember?
• User interface standards have been developed and are being followed; standard user interface guidelines result in intuitive systems that require less user training and lower implementation costs.
•  Where data duplication exists across the system; a single data on the system will reduce the cost of storage, maintenance and staff.
• Social capabilities; to test whether the existing systems are based on social capability. The social capability has become an integrated part of technological development and is used to enable connections with team members virtually (meetings, conferences, etc) in order to speed up the decision making processes(e.g. easily identify the professional or person to be consulted or connected, with establish professional and private networks, and improve the communications and work life balance). The focus is sharing information and knowledge in the hopes of having information integrated into the system; the aim is to have team members able to connect, communicate, coordinate and collaborate.
• Meet regulatory requirements; the system should be tested to establish whether the existing systems are based on official or governmental regulation. Regulations such as to set a document or information as confidential, private, or public, and to establish ownership through secure internal or public networks.   

What is the proposed solution?
The proposed solution is based on open standard and cross platform application. It is a secure and integrated system. The proposed system capabilities are as follows:

-      A database application,

-      A powerful workflow,

-      User interface standards,

-      Single sign On (SSO),

-      A single directory,

-      Cross platform capability,

-      Open standard,

-      A scalable system and applications,

-      Document management (Document audit: stages, versions, security, and document histories or logs),

-      Domino Attachment and Object Service (DAOS) in order to save storage space,

-      Social framework,

-      Decrease existing licenses; e.g. Microsoft office, Windows OS and server licenses,

-      And most importantly, it must meet internal regulations which have to maintain a secure communication between internal and external parties and ne able to coordinate and collaborate with the existing knowledge.

Conclusion: Any planting system should has ROI, secure, integrity and available for those who need to use. 

"These concept was short listed in the computerwekly.com on June 6,2014"  please click the link http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240221770/Computer-Weekly-European-User-Awards-for-Enterprise-Software-Shortlist-2014

Ethics in Information and Technology

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

The Internet global communication has brought countries without any boarder. In this case country law and enforcement has to be overridden with the international law. For instance, the crimes happened over the internet. “Normally physical location of the crimes will be determined the jurisdiction and sets of law to be applied,” Hall, P. A.V. & Fernandez-Ramil, J. (2007, P. 95). However, a person from Africa, sites the information on the Asia internet web sites whereas insulting or offence a person in Europe or USA, which law will be applied. Will it apply USA Law? Will it apply European Law? Will it apply African Law or Asia Law? In this complexity case, it will be analysis it sets of the laws and applied the international law.

The CIO is using utilitarian approach on the Schrage scenarios. According to the Benthem is that ‘the greatest happiness to the greatest number’. This means that any decision to be taken it has to base on the benefits to the majority numbers of the employees and for the sake of the business operations. The CIO sees that outsourcing is the best practice to help company operation and minimized the operation cost than using internal IT then it has to be outsource. The internal IT team has to learn from the outsourcing team in order to perform next term. According to Dewey “doing in a right thing is good for the business”. Further Dewey explains that to disclose the information to the boss has to be done in the right moment or in the right time and in the right place. However, the CIOs have to think ahead and look the for the long-term business operation before it comes to the conclusion or decision.

With the normative approach, the CIOs have to use the internal policies, procedures, agreements, code of conducts, and organization culture or behaviors and values as a base for judging the employees, given the rewords and recognitions to the best performing of the employees. Therefore, in the Schrage scenarios, the CIO will be taking decisions base on the normative that has been taken place in the organization. This will be very clear for the CIOs to make a decision on the outsourcing in case the internal IT team cannot perform the task in timely manner. It can be outsourced the activities such as the CRM system development. The internal IT team can be learned from outsourcing best practices for the future implementation. In term of disclosing the information to the boss, in my case, as an employee had a confidential agreement with the organization whereas I can’t disclose any institutional memories to the public. It has to be approved by organization before it goes to public. In other end as employee that embedded in to the organization has a responsibility to make right thing in the organization. Also inform unethical issues to the management to solve in the proper manner.

In the short term run, the organization or company may loss the employees because not well rewarded to their efforts. In the Schrage scenario for the CRM system development, it can be forced to lose staff because the company willing to have outsource to meet the dead-line. In the long run it can be benefit to the organization or company because the CRM system in place and each to track customers information for the future businesses. The CRM system will make organization or company business more effective. According to Gupta and other stated that “the CIO has to consider the long term runs of the company rather than just current needs.” New ideas and constructive critics coming from employees in which that are for the improvement of the organizations and companies, they have to be considered by CIO.

In my own opinion, the businesses have to be run in the good ethics rather than the businesses are focusing on the financial benefit. My argument is that with the good ethics the business can be survived and it is can be running for the long term of the period. While business that is focusing on the financial benefit may gain lot of benefit in the short term of period however it may not be in the long term. The simple reason is that because it is focusing on financial benefit and it might use unethical manner to reach their objectives. For instance: new product innovation. The company may reproduce coca cola to the market and have not paid the royalty to the originator coca cola company. At the end coco cola company may bring this company to the court and this company has to pay millions of dollar because use of coca cola brand name. Normally, this company has to get a license from the coca cola company before it reproduces. In the software application, we can’t just bought one application reproduce or copy them into thousand CDs and sell them in the market in order to gain financial benefit. It is unethical and it will cost for the long term running. It has to be started with the reseller license and doing the business.

In conclusion:

“Systematic innovation consists in the purposeful and organized search for changes and in the systematic analysis of the opportunities such changes might offer for economic and social innovation,” Drucker (2002). The normative approach is better base for CIOs to make a decision because it is cover almost all aspects or ruling the organization or company. In any ethical analysis situation the moral philosophy will be taken in first place.

References:

Hall, P. A.V. & Fernandez-Ramil, J. (2007) Managing the Software Enterprise:

Software Engineering and Information Systems in Context. London: Thomson Learning.

 Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P. (2010) Principles of marketing,13th edition, Global

edition:  Prentice Hall

Build the new System Application or purchasing the equivalent System Application

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

In this fourth week assignment, it has very tricky question. With the simple mathematics calculation and a little bit has an economic knowledge, it will be allowing us to make very quick decision for purchasing equivalent or similar system rather than have to build a new system. It stated that, to build the new system, it will cost us about $800,000; while in the market, there is an equivalent system that will cost us about $125,000. This means that, if we going to acquiring the system, it will be saving about $675,000.

In the software development, we cannot guarantee that lower price of purchasing the system is a good investment for the company. For instance, we only bought the license of the application in order to use them; however we did not have the source code. Therefore to do an adjustment of the requirements needs, we have to upgrade the license and doing the maintenance. This will be having additional fees on the top of the original license fee ($125,000). In other end, it is also requiring to have training to the end users and support team. It is also including the annually maintenance fees. In the long run, the cost this software application will be ending up with the millions of dollars.  For instance the maintenance cost or licensing cost $20,000 per year. In this scenario the cost will be ending up $720,000 in the next three years. In the software environment, “often we bought the service, the product, or both of them”, Hall, P. A.V. & Fernandez-Ramil, J. (2007, P. 131).

There are some advantages and disadvantages of deciding to purchase any software application system. The advantages of getting or buying the software applications from application service providers (ASPs) are: “Lower cost or cost saving, market is ready and it has a quick of the implementation (no time delay), and it has clear support line and maintenance. This software has a quality because many companies are using the same product or services.  Some disadvantages of purchasing from ASPs are: The features may not fit with the business requirement needs, totally depends on external services, and more cost for long term business”, Hall, P. A.V. & Fernandez-Ramil, J. (2007, P. 137). “It is also having the trade-off. If we are going to build the software application inside the company; the advantages are: We will be having the source code, we can easily adjust and adapt at any time as it is business required. The disadvantages are: Time consuming to develop the application, more cost in the initial investment,” Martin (2005).

It is important to have concrete planning towards to the acquisition of the any software application; whereas it is starting from business requirement needs, establishes a consensus of the needs among the stakeholders, and makes a listing of the essential features and functions of the system; it is also including the relative features and functions and the integration of the relationship. The business requirement needs can be elicited from interviewing the stakeholders, uses case modeling or simulation to the current situation, brainstorming the ideas with all parties that are involving the project either they are direct or indirect,  and makes some observation in normal working environment. The facilitation has to elicit those requirements and documented. If there are conflicts and disagreement between the stakeholders, the facilitator has to facilitate all parties in order to reach a consensus or at least to reconcile the ideas or needs.

In some software package that is not fit with the business requirements needs, then first of all, we have to think how the technical integration to the current application system especially to the operation system and hardware of the target computers. In other hand we have to think of customizing and modifying the features and functions in order to fit the business needs. Another step is re-engineering the business process of the application whereas to imitate the real world of the working environment.

There are several strategic to implement new package of software as follows:

a)     Strategic Parallel: In this strategic the production mode using the old system while in the testing mode uses the new software. Whenever, the stakeholders are confident with the new system, then they can move to new software application.

b)    Strategic Piloting: In this strategic, the organization or company are selecting several end users to test the new application and do a correction of the problem and updates the codes in necessary.

c)     Strategic of phasing: In this scenarios organization can benefit from achievement from phasing strategic.

d)    Strategic of cutover: in this scenarios ask the organization to adopt new operating system.

The software implementation phase has several sections as follows:

a)     Installation: this is a first phase of the implementation. In this phase it has several processes such as: Plan for the installation, training plan, data backup, data clean up, and conversion.

b)    Operation: In this phase the operation is important, because it will be seeing as it is operable or useable. How is it integrated with other current application? It integrated to other system and system operation.

c)     Maintenance: It is important to have a support from the vendor and it has to base on the service level agreement.

In conclusion: In any software application development, it has to base on business requirement needs and how the stakeholders are for seeing the needs, and decides the features and functions. If the software application is intending to buy from the available in the market, it has to be able to do a technical integration to the other system, customization, and in line with business process. If it is intending to build the system internally, first of all, it has to start with the requirements such as feasibility study/ elicitation, analysis and specification. Second, on the designing such as high level design and details of the design asks more concentration on the block level. The third construction: in this phase it is doing a coding, testing and integration, and the last part is the implementation such as installation, support and maintenance, including operations

References:

Hall, P. A.V. & Fernandez-Ramil, J. (2007) Managing the Software Enterprise:

Software Engineering and Information Systems in Context. London: Thomson Learning.