Intensity of todays Global Marketing Competition

By Raul Bernardino

Abstract:

In early stage of the technology based firms are confronted with the complexity of foreign markets and global competition from their earliest stages of development. Not only must technology entrepreneurs keep destined with ever-changing technology based product offerings, but they must also simultaneously stay abreast of competitors and industry trends in multiple countries.

The findings suggest that resources necessary to pursue international sales have an important impact on both foreign market intensity and diversity. Additionally, firm age was positively associated with global diversity but not international intensity. Moreover, today business does not have to have resources; most importantly knows how to deploy resources in the timely manner.  These findings support the notion of small technology firms being “instant internationals” but suggest that proceeding to the next step-achieving global diversity-requires significantly greater time and resources.

Introduction:

Nowadays, with the Information Communication and Technology (ICT) era especially the existing of the internet, transportations and financials flow, the global competition market becomes so easy to adjust and adapt with the new products and services. It is including easy doing a strategic plan toward to the new market environment. Additionally, the global market becomes booming in almost all part of the world whereas it has accessed the communication means (telephone, radio, TV, and internet) and access to the transportations (private and public) including the multi financial accessing.  

There are several factors need to be considered in the global competition as follows:

•         ‘Global competition in the home market’: A lot of new brands are arriving and supplying into the local market. Moreover, it is attracting a lot of current customers. Most probably, we would also lose our own customers very quick; it is because there was a good quality of the products and services that offered from the competitors. The product price may also lower than our products. The global competitions at home (local) markets are also speeding up a new innovation and added value to the customers, it is including developing and improving the current products and services with the high rates quality standard. 

•         ‘Stagnant or shrinking home market’: The global communication also helps to stagnant the home market. For instance, new products that not yet launch or still under development however in other hands, the promotion of that products have been advertising and the customer will be waiting for that new products instead of buying the existing products with old fashion. 

•         ‘Foreign markets with more opportunity’: It is an opportunity to expand the market in the foreign country, however the marketers have to understand several issues such as ‘International Trading System, foreign country economic environment, foreign country political and legal system, foreign country culture and it is environments’, Armstrong and Kotler (2010:580-585). The international trading system may have a restriction from one country or nation to the other countries. For instant, to protect their domestic products and its company, the government of the country may put high tariff or taxes to the imported goods in order to have additional revenue as well to the country.  The economic environment, the marketers have to analyse ‘foreign country industrial structure and income distribution’, Armstrong and Kotler (2010:582). The industrial structure consists of economic subsistence, export raw material economies, economies of the industrialization, and industrial economies itself. The income distributions have to look at low individual incomes, medium, and high household. The foreign country political and legal system. The political stability, bureaucracy, and legal system are the major factors and metrics point for the new market entry into the country. The marketer has also need to know the new target country’s culture and norms before trying to expand their products and services marketing. Each country has different norms and beliefs. For instance, we cannot sell fast food with pork meat in the Islamic countries and etc.

•         ‘Expansion of customers to international markets’: Building a good relationship with new customers and with existing customer can be seeing as the point to expanding new products and services, including introduce new product that foreign countries have.

Conclusion:

According to Professor Gary Hamel, London Business School on ‘Creating the Future’ presentation to the senior executive course at Stanford University (December, 1997) stated that:  “Ninety per cent of what you need to learn, you will learn from outside your own business sector.” Therefore, we do need a coping from other organizations and adapt them into our own business environments.  Especially the changes are more quickly than ever (time compressing era).

References list:

• Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P. (2010) Principles of marketing,13th edition, Global edtition: Prentice Hall
•  Miles, G.,Preeece,S.B., Beatz, M.C. (1998), Explaining the international intensity and global diversity of early-stage technology-based firms [on-line]. Available from:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902697001055 (Accessed Date: 22 October 2013)

Future Computing Profession

By Raul Bernardino

Abstracts:

It is now become public knowledge that the Information and Technology (IT) evolution and revolution have become a part of the human life and it brings new culture and norms to the society. It is now become an integral part of the human society. Every effort that is built toward the new technologies is for the sake of the society.

Technology now brings human being more closer, things can be monitored more closely by using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Positioning System (GPS), social networks such as Facebook, Skype, IBM Connections and Sametime, twitter, Bebo, etc., technology helps users to have flexible of communicating with their respected partners, users have flexible time for learning without have to travel to the destination course venue, etc., technology can helping doctors to do proper diagnostics, surgeries, therapies, intelligent machines, and etc.

Introduction: 

We are currently in the middle of technology revolution; information technology grows in every hour’s event every second around the world. Human are so creative and innovative to develop new technology and system for the sake of society. Moreover, we are informed of the birth of new technology. This technology industry revolution has covered other sectors such as education, health, environment, medicine, mechanical industries, chemical industries, agriculture, products and services in the markets, communication, etc. Additionally, information technology sector becomes a multi-disciplinary sector. Therefore each of the sectors will be always tied to the evolution of information and the technology. As computing professionals, we have to accept that, we should continually study and research and also to be the focal point of this industry revolution and evolution. All computing professionals, scientists, and researchers have tried to give their answers to the needs and the requirements of the society however, how this sector may be will continue to improve or may be will change in the following years? Who knows?

Information and Technology job’s Titles in Market:

More than 50 job titles are globally available and apply differently to the industrial sectors, institutions, organizations, companies, and governments. It depends on each sectors needs and requirements. The effective ratio of having computing professional in their organizations is 1:15 means 1 computing professional can effectively serve 15 employees in the institution. This computing professional can be deployed internally or outsourcing. There are several studies have been done toward the ratio. According to computer economics (August 2013) stated that Help Desk Staffing Steady over Time. The ratio will vary by organization size and sectors, however, below graphic provide some illustration after did an assessment of the overall help desk staffing trend.

There are 14 key of IT jobs function that each organization has to have. They are:

Help Desk Desktop Support Network Support Server Support  ERP Support  Database Administration (DBA)  Data Management

Application Development and Maintenance Business Analyst IT Quality Assurance and Testing Web/E-Commerce Project Management IT Security IT Management

  

In some cases the IT staff has multi-function. For instance, Help desk staff does desktop support function or even does Network support function. In the professional manner, each function has to fill up with one specific profession.

List of I.T. Job Title:

Applications Engineer Information Technology Director Information Technology Manager Management Information Systems Director Network Architect Network Engineer Network System Administrator Programmer Programmer Analyst Security Specialist Senior Applications Engineer Senior Database Administrator Senior Network Architect Senior Network Engineer Senior Network System Administrator Senior Programmer Senior Programmer Analyst Senior Security Specialist Senior Software Engineer Business Analyst (BA) Senior BA Junior BA IT Project Manager Web Developer Webmaster Web Administrator

Senior Support Specialist Senior System Administrator Senior System Analyst Senior System Architect Senior System Designer Help Desk Technician Chief Technology Officer Chief Information Officer Computer and Information Systems Manager Database Administrator Senior Systems Analyst Senior Systems Software Engineer Senior Web Administrator Senior Web Developer Software Engineer Software Quality Assurance Analyst Support Specialist System Administrator System Analyst System Architect System Designer Systems Analyst Systems Software Engineer Technical Specialist Telecommunications Specialist Etc.

How these job titles above can be filled? In my own opinion, these job titles can be filled by professionals who as higher education in information and technology plus experiences and skills in the field, who attends specific course, exam, and certified and also globally recognize and comply such as ITPM, Cisco CCNA, IBM Notes, etc.

Some future computing profession perspective:

The information revolution has come as primary needs of the society; nowadays without assessing information a person will be isolated. In other hand information becomes an expensive and only available for those who have money. The distribution of the information is still not fully reach out to the indigenous people in the remote locations. As computing profession has to think how to bring technology and information that is fitted to indigenous people. For instance, develop graphic interface, screen touch technology, voice recognize tools, etc.

In 10 years’ Time:

I assume that in ten year time, the computing professional figures will change; however, the natural revolution of the information continues and actual situation will be improving and more close nature. I think, the biggest revolution and evolution will be on total integration of the cloud computing inside the organizations. "Cloud computing is internet-based computing in which the cloud is really an arena for sharing," (Pitta, D.A., 2011). Therefore, computing professional has to be ready to develop and implement these systems. Additionally, the computing professional has to know how to protect them. The computing professional skills that should have and ready are computer programming, computer security, and networking. In other end, the hardware devices evolution has to think about the environmental impact. The Green IT is become a popular in last few years back and will continue to do so. "Companies in the 21st century accept and acknowledge their responsibility in protecting the environment," (Berthon, P. at all, 2010).

In 25 years:

In the middle term, we can now see the evolution of maximizing internet protocol. One of example is VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). "The evolution of this technology, an organization can gain a great financial benefit over traditional telephony system," (Ismail, M.N., 2010). Moreover, the evolution of the Internet Protocol (IP) is IPv6 comparison to the IPv4; this will be improving a mechanism for assuring a secure and confidential transfer bits or packages of the information among users and their electrical devices. For instance transfer data packages from cars to palm devices, from computing devices to mobile devices, etc.  In this case, computing professional should prepare to answer company necessities such as ‘Bring Your Own Device' (BYOD) demands which help companies or organizations will have less infrastructure investment. However, companies have to invest human resource capacity in order to develop an open standard and cross plat form application whereas to be compatible with the variety of the electronic devices. The computer professional fields that need to be ready are programming, computing security expert, business analysts, project management, help desk supports, and networking skills. 

Moreover, during this period of time, the computing profession prediction will be more focusing on the ‘Infrastructure as a Service’ (IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS). The IaaS is a standardized infrastructure, highly automated offering, where compute resources, complemented by storage and networking capabilities are owned and hosted by a service provider and offered to customer’s on-demand. According to Gartner, “customers are able to self-provision this infrastructure, using a Web-based graphical user interface that serves as an IT operations management console for the overall environment. API access to the infrastructure may also be offered as an option”.

Gartner defines “SaaS as software that is owned, delivered and managed remotely by one or more providers. The provider delivers software based on one set of common code and data definitions that is consumed in a one-to-many model by all contracted customers at any-time on a pay-for-use basis or as a subscription based on use metrics”.

In 50 years:

In next 50 years, the computing future will be more complicated to predict. In my own opinion, there will be more innovation on the integration plat forms and open standard, artificial intelligent, archiving, business intelligent, more analytical apps, and more focusing automation process. For instant IBM current develop ‘Watson’, more technology and science on health improvements, etc.

Alan Turing may consider as the father of the modern Artificial Intelligence (AI).0 years. Dr. Turing started to ask himself. Could machine think as human?  Could machines reply human questions? In order to answer at these questions, dr. Turing proposed a test called ‘Turing Test’, in which is used to understand, if those machines are intelligent or not and he concluded with this statement:

"We can only see a short distance ahead, but, we can see plenty there that needs to be done", (Turing A.M., 1950)

"And he also predicted that by the year 2000 machines would have a 30% chance of passing a five minutes Turing Test", (Brookshear, 2010:508)

Although, today Turing prediction still not respected fully, however, in next 50 years these machines will able to think. There are several research current runs to improve Watson from IBM. If I will be still alive in 2063, I will be a witness of this success. Additionally, computing technology is to greater extent and improves society life.

Several Conclusions:

As computing professionals, we have to be ready to introduce new technology that is being developed, the technology that will be most probably to be developed and also design new capable system to accommodate society needs.

The future computing profession, it looks like the same as it is today plus new additional field and functions. There would be no major changes in this field of the profession. More computing profession becomes a good CEOs and leadership because they had multidisciplinary background knowledge and experiences.  

There would be lot of developers whereas to develop the databases or information systems databases will be not as difficult as it is today and it maybe just using drag and drop tools.  Or the developer found the smarter application databases that can adjust and adapt to any needs.

In the schools will be starting to use a computers, let say starts from elementary to senior high in order to entertain their interactive learning process and as part of the curriculum too. It would be possible also to implement the on-line study for elementary schools. The youth under care and travel can also continue their learning process from anywhere while accompany the live sessions from classes.

Today, green environment campaign also triggers to have a paperless at schools, offices, and etc. Therefore, in coming future from 10 to 50 years there would be no more paper found in the schools, shops, home, and offices; all are in digitals. The trend is mobility. A lot palm devices will be producing with interactive applications in which to use on time decision making processes their business, connect from anywhere and anytime, and easy to operate.

The cloud computing and internet communication are also helps a lot for the new running enterprise business because this new entrepreneurs do not need to invest in Information Technology Infrastructure. They can just started with their own mobiles and connect to cloud computers in which all data are being processed. Moreover, there will be lot of integrate system such IaaS and SaaS, to accommodate the data centers, archiving system, cross plat forms, open standard, workflow, and social networking capabilities.

Most importantly, the ethical computing and professional are still in needs because it is dealing with the copyright, trade-marks, privacy, data security, and freedom of speech.

Other aspects of the technology need to be constantly increased the awareness’s are the cultures. The culture will be quite different because people are use to connect, communicate, coordinate, and collaborate (4Cs) and there will be no clear boarders are defined. Internet connection will be everywhere. Anyone can interact or communicate with everyone-else without have a precondition. The Video conferences can be available from palm to palm or mobility (Cars, mobiles), from a fix phone terminal to other fix phone terminals; from mobility to video conference tools, etc. This will be allow other professional can be interact quick decision making process. For example, hearth disease patient need to establish a quick communication with his or her Cardiology Doctor while he or she is on trips in order to have a dr. prescription, Auto drive cars, etc.

How about language in computing profession? I think English still a preferable language for the information and technology and however there would be an adaptation to the original mother tongue, acronyms, and slogans.     

Reference list:

·        Developing the Project Charter and Baseline Project Plan [on-line]. Available from: http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/95/04717153/0471715395-3.pdf  (Accessed: 26 February 2011)

·        The Future of the Computing Profession [on-line]. Available from: http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/abs/html/mags/co/2010/07/mco2010070088.htm#target3  (Accessed: 26 February 2011)

·        From Computing Machinery to Interaction Design [on-line]. Available from: http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/acm97.html (Accessed: 26 February 2011)

·        Doyle, A. (N), About.com Guide, List IT Jobs Titles, [on-line]. Available from: http://jobsearch.about.com/od/job-title-samples/a/it-job-titles.htm(Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        The Computer Economics (August 2013), Help Desk Staffing Steady Over Time [on-line]. Available from: http://www.computereconomics.com/article.cfm?id=1881(Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        The Computer Economics (N), Worldwide Technology Trends [on-line]. Available from: http://www.computereconomics.com/page.cfm?name=Worldwide%20Technology%20Trends(Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        The Computer Economics (N), IT Staffing Ratios: Benchmarking Metrics and Analysis for 14 Key IT Job Functions [on-line]. Available from: http://www.computereconomics.com/page.cfm?name=IT_Staffing_Ratios&gclid=COb5m76G7bkCFW964god0ysAqA (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        Wikipedia (N:N), RFID, [on-line]. Available from: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        ABC.net.au (June 25, 2013), IBM touts super computer Watson as future of business; ANZ bank signs up [on-line]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-25/ibm-touts-super-computer-as-future-of-business/4780054 (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        Youtube (N:N), IBM Watson Solution, [on-line]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/user/IBMWatsonSolutions (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        BYOD (N:N), [on-line]. Available from: http://hs.maas360.com/main-site-theme-3/?id=337&K=byod&A=Australia_gsearch&O=HS&C=HS%20-%20BYOD%20(Australia)&gclid=CNmpj-Le8bkCFaei4god0woApQ (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        Wikipedia (N:N), Software as a Service, [on-line]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        Gartner (N), Infrastructure as a Service, [on-line]. Available from: http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/infrastructure-as-a-service-iaas/ (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

·        Gartner (N), Software as a Service, [on-line]. Available from: http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/software-as-a-service-saas/ (Accessed: 27 September 2013)

Customer Responsive Culture

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

The organizations cultures are built from their visions and missions. It is including organization share values, knowledge’s, experience, and various cultures and attitudes that are coming from each of the employees - who have taken apart in the organization itself. The organization culture itself is also growing from time to time according to the organization development.

Buchanan D. A. & Huczynski A. A. (2007) “stated that the organizational culture is consist of the visions, missions, shared values, beliefs, and norms where the organization exist, feelings, and also action of each employees”.

In today’s globalization era, the competitive of the Information and Technology industries are now became more and more focusing on the customers and services. Whereas, the information and technology, including developers and system engineers are now entry into the globalization market and have to engage more new customers. However, it is most important, “to not lose the old customers and it is becoming habit to increase their (old customers) loyalty to the organization (Berger & Berger, 2000: 497)”.

Therefore, lot of organizations are now putting a site their capital of the investment or their money to invest in the Information and Technology sector, in which is hoping to manage the customer or Customer  Relationship Management (CRM). This CRM software package is to record all requests from customers and process them all according to schedule of services or in timely manner. This system is also able to log all transactions from the customer and logs all developers’ tasks.  

Nowadays, industries are also facing time compression during delivering their products and services. Therefore, they should be able to mobilize a lot of resources from their branches offices and from another company’s resources in order meet customer requirement and needs. Today, technology can help industries to connect, communicate, coordinates those resources in order to reach out the customers within high standard quality and less cost.  

In every organization use to have an organization promotion, in which to engage the customers that are come to the office or department and doing some technical job in the field. The receptionist is acting on behalf of organization employees to attend all organization’s customers. The receptionist is our “front line to connect us with customers (Jobber & Lancaster, 2009:4-5)”. He or she has to attend several training's on how to behave and attend the organization customers or guests.

One of great example is that organization has to treat customers as a ‘king’.  “Of course not all kings are the same”. The important is to maintain good relationship with the customers. Specially organization needs to build a mutual trust and also sees the customers are valuable from them.

Customer Relationship Management (Payne, 2006) is based on the belief that in order for a company to maximize long term profit, customer needs must be understood and leveraged (Stringfellow, Nie & Bowen, 2004). Payne and Frow (2005), report that the definition of CRM varies widely. One end of the spectrum deals with very tactical and targeted technology solutions while the other end considers customer relationship management a holistic and strategic approach to increasing shareholder value (Payne &Frow, 2005).

Many organization leaders are care about CRM but some of them are not care about the strategy. How to shift an organization to a customer-centric strategy? During strategic planning session (Saloner et al., 2001:19), strategies are formulated by creating a short and long term corporate goals, defining company scope (products and services offered, markets serviced), clearly defining the corporate position on how the industries will gain and sustain competitive advantage, and detailing which strengths. The organization will be leveraging and maintaining that competitive advantage.  

Brache (2002) notes that when creating a strategy, there are a number of questions that need to be addressed as they relate to the fundamental values and beliefs of a company: the timeline for the strategy, where business will be done (customers and geographies), where investment needs to be made, which competitive advantages will be exploited, which systems/skills/processes are required to support the competitive advantage, and which metrics will be used to measure results (Brache, 2002:51).

According to Galliers and Leidner (2003), information systems strategy should complement corporate strategy. They suggest that strategic systems information planning.

Conclusion:

In todays’ businesses, the customer’s responsive cultures are becoming focus of every companies, organizations, institutions, and industries in order to be success in the field. Most of the organizations are investing a lot in the Customer Relationship Management Packages, and other relevant business databases.  Rust and Verhoef (2005), “whose CRM model exploited the high level of heterogeneity in customers’ responsiveness to marketing interventions”.

It is also become a habit for the companies or organizations to strategize and engage the old customers with different treatments and attractive packages in order to maintain the customer to not run away from them.

References list:

• Huczynski, A & Buchanan, D (2007) Organizational Behaviour (6th Ed) Essex: Pearson Education
•  Jobber, D., & Lancaster, G., (2009), Selling and Sales management. 8th edition. Pearson Prentice Hall
•  Berger, L. & Berger, D., (2000). The Compensation Handbook: A State-of the-Art Guide to Compensation, Strategy and Design.4th edition. USA.
• The Path to Customer Centricity [On-line]. Available from: http://jsr.sagepub.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/content/9/2/113.full.pdf+html (Accessed: 27 August 2013)
•  Ballard, K. (n), Building a Strong Customer-centric Strategy to Enable CRM and Develop Customer Loyalty [On-line]. Available from: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/7662/2008-Ballard.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed: 27 August 2013)
• NN (Feb 2013) "The Path to Customer Centricity" [On-line]. Available from: http://info.iknowtion.com/the-path-to-customer-centricity-peppersandrogersgroup/ (Accessed: 27 August 2013)
• NN (May 2006) Roadmap to a Customer-Centric Strategy [On-line]. Available from:
• http://www.amanet.org/training/articles/Roadmap-to-a-Customer-Centric-Strategy.aspx  (Accessed: 27 August 2013)

Information and Technology Revolution toward the Human Resource Management and Policies

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

Nowadays, the on-line education or virtual classes becomes an alternative option for those who have the commitment with family, job, time constrain, and including the migration of the intended person from one location to another destination. The on-line educations pretty much use the technology such as internet communication, videoconferencing, etc. Therefore, it is important for the audiences or participants to have internet access facilities in which to allow the participants to connection, communicate, coordinate, and collaborate their thoughts from anywhere at any time.  They (the audience) also demand to have a proper and portable computer in order to be success.

Another way of doing the on-line education is through teleconferencing such as audio and video, television, and radio broadcasting. However, these types on on-line or on-air learning process have to be scheduled and have no flexibility time. 
The on-site training is can be tailored depends of the needs of the team members or the individuals. This also can be an interactive mode of the training and provider can be adjustable with their curriculum and the company needs. This can also helpful for the company providers to make a clear assessment and plan for the company employment training design.

The on-job training is another method of capacity building or empowering the company employees. The employee will do a similar job in another company. The employee has a mentor or a coach to monitor the performance during assignment or on-job training.
In order to be effective and efficient in the upgrading of the company Human Resources (HR) capacities which is within time compression, the pass education is nearly becomes obsoleted. Education is continuously learn and unlearn. The training or education to the employees have to be in line with the company strategy and objective, including in line with the internal HR policy and best practices around the world.

The advantage of on-line education: For instance, one of top on-line education which is the Laureate on-line education, whereas has a partnership with Liverpool University.  It is well known online degree provider with the high quality standards. The most advantage that I can felt and a proud of are:

-      Flexible time: where, I can still perform my daily tasks in normal hours and during my leisure time, I can do my master degree;

-      Discuss issues with the classmate and lecture simultaneously; This mode is similar to normal or traditional class however, it is in an asynchronous mode (not in the same time; there were delay of communication however, it reached to the objective and have the same result);

-      The quality of the virtual classes same as the traditional classes; even more better than traditional classes because, we have to meet the dead line and bring the high quality and values from different perspective (different cultures and approaches from all over the world to one single channel) into the virtual class discussions and assignments;

-      Build a good virtual team work;

-      Still live with the family;

-      Manageable cost for education (pay per modules, etc);

-      Curriculum's are updates;

-      Saving cost for accommodation and trips;

-      Learn process focused on the module subject, but it is also about commitment and time management;

The disadvantage of on-line education: The only disadvantages that, I can see are:

-      Not meet physically or in person with other the classmate and lectures;

-      Not real time communication; what I meant here is that the participant are everywhere with different geographical locations and time zones, it very hard to have a real time session during running the class.  I am not talking about teleconferencing  because it’s a real time and interactive session;

-      Stressful in Time Management: what I do mean here is that, sometimes team work (group member) does not know or see that other team members are studying in our leisure time. They just come across and asking for a work that are related to the problem and solution. We can’t void them and therefore, we have to readjust schedule with our own the priorities and group priority.

The advantage of on-site Training: The advantages of having the on-site training in the company are:

-      Cost Saving: Rather than send ten employees out of the company to have  training, it is better to have one trainer to be on-site and delivery training;

-      Trainer and trainees have seen job world or environment;

-      Schedule Control: the company can schedule the training according the availability of the team or employees and demand of the work;

-      The training provider can have direct assessment to the company needs; and rebuild the proper curriculum and training design to the company;

-      Hands on Training: more real practical because it is closed to the normal work station;

-      Flexibility: Company can shift the employees for the training; training can be anywhere in the company building;

The disadvantage of on-site Training: The disadvantages of having the on-site training are:

-      Employees can’t not concentrate to the training, it is because they are visible to the other colleagues during the training sessions; they can be asked by colleagues to solve their problems (IT issues or colleagues meet the dead line and the participant of the training have to review document or report before it submit to, etc.);

-      Company have not enough resource to run a training (e.g. training need ten computers for participants to practice)

-      Extra cost for rent venue or computers;

The advantage of on-job training: The advantages of having on-job training are:

-      In the general, the on-job trainings are more cost effective, because the employee still doing a same job and learn from the most experience coach or mentor

-      The coach or mentor can demonstrate how the job should be delivery, base on the best practices;

-       It is also low cost because the trainees can learn from the valuable practitioners;

-      This can be applying also to the job rotation and possible in small number of participants;

The disadvantage of the on-job training: The disadvantages of the on-job training are:

-      We can’t predict the start point of training; it may delivery in the different levels;

-      We can evaluate the trainer capacity of delivery and how much it is being absorb by trainees

-      It is also may high cost because employee have to stay in apartments or hotels including the travel cost

-      Can’t apply in the big group of participants;

In conclusion:
The comparison method of the learning process above does not necessary means to apply in all company. It is relatively depending on the company environments, needs, and it is including company decisions.

In order to make best options for the company to be selected, the training assessments to the employees have to be done in first place. Therefore, numbers of studies or assessments of the needs in the business or company including the cost analysis and the training impacts as well as the training design or planning.

Simon, Herbert (1957) “felt that management theory should base around on the questions of choice and decision making as the core of the management. He also argued that it was the art getting things done.”

The company or corporate has to decided which option are most cost effective and have the high positive impacts in future.

References:

• Buchanan, D. & Huczynski, A. (2010), Organizational Behaviour: an introductory text. 7th edition. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall
• Hinkle, Linda (n:d) Advantage and disadvantage of online education,[On-line]. Available from:  http://www.ehow.com/about_4743341_advantages-disadvantages-online-education.html (Accessed: 17 April 2011)
•  Customer on Site Training, [On-line]. Available from:  http://www.akamai.com/dl/brochures/Custom_On_site_training.pdf  (Accessed: 17 April 2011)
• Electrical forums on Site Training, [On-line]. Available from:  http://www.electricityforum.com/forums/advantage-of-onsite-training.html (Accessed: 17 April 2011)
• Advantage and disadvantage of On-Job training, [On-line]. Available from:  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_on_the_job_training (Accessed: 17 April 2011)
• On-Job training, [On-line]. Available from:  http://tutor2u.net/business/people/training_onthejob.asp  (Accessed: 17 April 2011)